namespace std {
  // 初等数值转换的浮点格式
  enum class chars_format {
    scientific = /* 未指明 */,
    fixed = /* 未指明 */,
    hex = /* 未指明 */,
    general = fixed | scientific
  };
 
 
  // 初等数值输出转换
  struct to_chars_result {
    char* ptr;
    errc ec;
    friend bool operator==(const to_chars_result&, const to_chars_result&) = default;
  };
 
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last,
                           /* 见描述 */ value, int base = 10);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, bool value, int base = 10) = delete;
 
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, float value);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, double value);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, long double value);
 
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, float value, chars_format fmt);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, double value, chars_format fmt);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, long double value, chars_format fmt);
 
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, float value,
                           chars_format fmt, int precision);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, double value,
                           chars_format fmt, int precision);
  to_chars_result to_chars(char* first, char* last, long double value,
                           chars_format fmt, int precision);
 
 
  // 初等数值输入转换
  struct from_chars_result {
    const char* ptr;
    errc ec;
    friend bool operator==(const from_chars_result&, const from_chars_result&) = default;
  };
 
  from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last,
                               /* 见描述 */& value, int base = 10);
 
  from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last, float& value,
                               chars_format fmt = chars_format::general);
  from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last, double& value,
                               chars_format fmt = chars_format::general);
  from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last, long double& value,
                               chars_format fmt = chars_format::general);
}