namespace std {
  template<class CharT> struct char_traits;
  template<> struct char_traits<char>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char8_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char16_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<char32_t>;
  template<> struct char_traits<wchar_t>;
 
  template<class T> class allocator;
 
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class basic_ios;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class basic_streambuf;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class basic_istream;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class basic_ostream;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class basic_iostream;
 
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
           class Allocator = allocator<CharT>>
    class basic_stringbuf;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
           class Allocator = allocator<CharT>>
    class basic_istringstream;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
           class Allocator = allocator<CharT>>
    class basic_ostringstream;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
           class Allocator = allocator<CharT>>
    class basic_stringstream;
 
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class basic_filebuf;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class basic_ifstream;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class basic_ofstream;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class basic_fstream;
 
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
           class Allocator = allocator<CharT>>
    class basic_syncbuf;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
           class Allocator = allocator<CharT>>
    class basic_osyncstream;
 
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class istreambuf_iterator;
  template<class CharT, class Traits = char_traits<CharT>>
    class ostreambuf_iterator;
 
  using ios  = basic_ios<char>;
  using wios = basic_ios<wchar_t>;
 
  using streambuf = basic_streambuf<char>;
  using istream   = basic_istream<char>;
  using ostream   = basic_ostream<char>;
  using iostream  = basic_iostream<char>;
 
  using stringbuf     = basic_stringbuf<char>;
  using istringstream = basic_istringstream<char>;
  using ostringstream = basic_ostringstream<char>;
  using stringstream  = basic_stringstream<char>;
 
  using filebuf  = basic_filebuf<char>;
  using ifstream = basic_ifstream<char>;
  using ofstream = basic_ofstream<char>;
  using fstream  = basic_fstream<char>;
 
  using syncbuf     = basic_syncbuf<char>;
  using osyncstream = basic_osyncstream<char>;
 
  using wstreambuf = basic_streambuf<wchar_t>;
  using wistream   = basic_istream<wchar_t>;
  using wostream   = basic_ostream<wchar_t>;
  using wiostream  = basic_iostream<wchar_t>;
 
  using wstringbuf     = basic_stringbuf<wchar_t>;
  using wistringstream = basic_istringstream<wchar_t>;
  using wostringstream = basic_ostringstream<wchar_t>;
  using wstringstream  = basic_stringstream<wchar_t>;
 
  using wfilebuf  = basic_filebuf<wchar_t>;
  using wifstream = basic_ifstream<wchar_t>;
  using wofstream = basic_ofstream<wchar_t>;
  using wfstream  = basic_fstream<wchar_t>;
 
  using wsyncbuf     = basic_syncbuf<wchar_t>;
  using wosyncstream = basic_osyncstream<wchar_t>;
 
  template<class State> class fpos;
  using streampos = fpos<char_traits<char>::state_type>;
  using wstreampos = fpos<char_traits<wchar_t>::state_type>;
  using u8streampos = fpos<char_traits<char8_t>::state_type>;
  using u16streampos = fpos<char_traits<char16_t>::state_type>;
  using u32streampos = fpos<char_traits<char32_t>::state_type>;
}
 
// 弃用
namespace std {
  class strstreambuf;
  class istrstream;
  class ostrstream;
  class strstream;
}